Macro-Morphological Traits of Leaves for Urban Tree Selection for Air Pollution Biomonitoring: A Review.

Urban trees provide different ecosystem benefits, such as improving air quality due to the retention of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their leaves. The main objective of this paper was to study, through a systematic literature review, the leaf macro-morphological traits (LMTs) most used for the selection of urban trees as air pollution biomonitors. A citation frequency index was used in scientific databases, where the importance associated with each variable was organized by quartiles (Q). The results suggest that the most biomonitored air pollutants by the LMTs of urban trees were PM between 1-100 µm (Q1 = 0.760), followed by O3 (Q2 = 0.586), PM2.5 (Q2 = 0.504), and PM10 (Q3 = 0.423). PM was probably the most effective air pollutant for studying and evaluating urban air quality in the context of tree LMTs. PM2.5 was the fraction most used in these studies. The LMTs most used for PM monitoring were leaf area (Q1) and specific leaf area (Q4). These LMTs were frequently used for their easy measurement and quantification. In urban areas, it was suggested that leaf area was directly related to the amount of PM retained on tree leaves. The PM retained on tree leaves was also used to study other f associated urban air pollutants associated (e.g., heavy metals and hydrocarbons).

Análisis temporal del covid-19 en Colombia: indicadores asociados y modelización / Temporal analysis of covid-19 in Colombia: associated indicators and modeling

AbstractIntroduction. This study shows statistical information regarding COVID-19 in Colombia up to this date (March 1-2022). Specifically, the daily, monthly and cumulative evolution of infections and deaths, correlated with the distribution of the population according to age and gender. Objective. Show statistical information about COVID-19 that allows help to plan and design, in future Pandemics, public health policy strategies in Colombia. Methods. Daily information since the official declaration of Pandemic in Colombia (March 16 ­ 2020) was obtained by the National Health Institute (INS) and was organized in a database in order to conduct respective analysis. This information was compared to similar studies obtained based on the bibliographical review. Results and Conclusions. Results and conclusions are similar to those found in the reference literature: most part of those dead by COVID-19 are of senior age and male gender. Regarding Case Fatality Rate (CFR), it notoriously increases with age. The most vulnerable population displays an average age of ≥ 52.8 years. The less vulnerable population are young persons under 30 years of age, but specifically, those within the age range of 10 and 20 years. Gompertz and Logistic models can mathematically simulate the evolution of deaths and the evolution of CFR according to age

ResumenIntroducción. Este estudio muestra información estadística sobre el COVID-19 en Colombia a la fecha (1 de marzo de 2022). Específicamente, la evolución diaria, mensual y acumulada de contagios y defunciones, correlacionada con la distribución de la población según edad y sexo. Objetivo. Mostrar información estadística sobre COVID-19 que permita ayudar a planificar y diseñar, en futuras Pandemias, estrategias de política de salud pública en Colombia. Metodología. La información diaria desde la declaratoria oficial de Pandemia en Colombia (16 de marzo de 2020) fue obtenida del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) y fue organizada en una base de datos para realizar los análisis respectivos. Esta información se comparó con estudios similares obtenidos a partir de revisión bibliográfica. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados y conclusiones son similares a los encontrados en la literatura de referencia: la mayor parte de los fallecidos por COVID-19 son de edad avanzada y sexo masculino. En cuanto a la tasa de letalidad (CFR), ésta aumenta notoriamente con la edad. La población más vulnerable presenta una edad promedio ≥ 52.8 años. La población menos vulnerable son los jóvenes menores de 30 años, pero específicamente, los que se encuentran en el rango de edad de 10 y 20 años. Los modelos Gompertz y Logistic pueden simular matemáticamente la evolución de las muertes y la evolución de la CFR según la edad.

Covid 19 death analysis in Colombia

Introduction: This article shows an analysis of the evolution up until date (May 4-2021), of official coronavirus cases statistics (CC) and the total number of deaths (TND) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia. Additionally, said information is shown in correlation to other variables such as Case Fatality Rate (CFR), age range of persons, their typical reported co-morbidities and the cities where there has been highest concentration of cases. Materials and Methods: From March 16 2020 until today, information regarding the daily number of new confirmed cases (DNC) and daily confirmed deaths (DD) was registered in a database with the purpose of estimating the evolution of CC, TND and CFR. The age of deceased was also registered, as well as their gender, prior co-morbidities and city of death. The evolution of TND with the time of other countries were compared to that of Colombia. A mathematical equation that represents the epidemiological curve of TND evolution of different countries across time was defined. Results: In Colombia, the average age of people who die due to COVID-19 is of 69.5±14.7 years (median and mode of 71 and 80 years, respectively), and the virus is less lethal amongst a population under the age of 40. The greater part of deaths have taken place in people with prior co-morbidities and of the male gender. Conclusion: Most of the persons that have deceased are those of senior age, mainly with prior co-morbidities, and predominantly of male gender. Epidemiological peaks of COVID-19 are consistent with the rainy and winter seasons, and with the traditional epidemiological peaks of flu or influenza.

Introducción: El artículo muestra un análisis de la evolución hasta la fecha (4 de mayo de 2021), de las estadísticas oficiales de casos de coronavirus (CC) y el número total de muertes (TND) por SARS-CoV-2 en Colombia. Dicha información se muestra en correlación con otras variables como son la tasa de casos fatales (CFR), el rango de edad de las personas, sus comorbilidades típicas reportadas y las ciudades donde ha habido mayor concentración de casos. Materiales y Métodos: En una base de datos fue registrada diariamente, desde el 16 de marzo de 2020 a la fecha, información concerniente al número diario de nuevos casos confirmados (DNC) y los fallecimientos diarios confirmados (DD). También se registró la edad de las personas fallecidas, así como su género, sus comorbilidades previas y ciudad de deceso. La evolución del TND con el tiempo de diferentes países fueron modelados matemáticamente y comparados con el de Colombia. Resultados: En Colombia, la edad promedio de las personas que mueren por COVID-19 es de 69.5±14.7 años (mediana y moda de 71 y 80 años, respectivamente) y el virus es menos letal en la población menor de 40 años. La mayor parte de las muertes se han producido en personas con comorbilidades previas y del género masculino. Conclusión: La mayoría de las personas fallecidas son personas de edad avanzada, principalmente con comorbilidades previas, y predominantemente de sexo masculino. Los picos epidemiológicos de COVID-19 son consistentes con las temporadas de lluvias e invierno, y con los picos epidemiológicos tradicionales de gripe o influenza.

Introdução: O artigo mostra uma análise da evolução até o momento (4 de maio de 2021) das estatísticas oficiais de casos de coronavírus (CC) e do número total de mortes (TND) por SARS-CoV-2 na Colômbia. Além disso, essa informação se mostra em correlação com outras variáveis ​​como a taxa de casos fatais (CFR), a faixa etária das pessoas, suas comorbidades típicas relatadas e os municípios onde houve maior concentração de casos. Materiais e Métodos: Em um banco de dados, as informações referentes ao número diário de casos novos confirmados (DNC) e óbitos diários confirmados (DD) foram registradas diariamente, de 16 de março de 2020 até a data, para cálculo da evolução do CC, TND e CFR. Também foi registrada a idade do falecido, gênero, comorbidades anteriores e cidade do falecimento. A evolução do TND ao longo do tempo de outros países foi comparada com a da Colômbia. Foi definida uma equação matemática que representa a evolução do TND nos diferentes países ao longo do tempo. Resultados: Na Colômbia, a idade média das pessoas que morrem por COVID-19 é de 69.5±14.7 anos (mediana e moda de 71 e 80 anos, respectivamente), e o vírus é menos letal entre uma população com menos de 40 anos. A maior parte das mortes ocorreu em pessoas com comorbidades anteriores e do gênero masculino. Conclusão: A maioria das pessoas que faleceram são idosos, principalmente com comorbidades prévias, e predominantemente do sexo masculino. Os picos epidemiológicos de COVID-19 são consistentes com as estações chuvosa e de inverno e com os picos epidemiológicos tradicionais de gripe ou influenza.

Residuos hospitalarios: indicadores de tasas de generación en Bogotá, D.C. 2012-2015 / Hospital waste: Generation rates in Bogotá, 2012-2015

Resumen Introducción. La generación de residuos provenientes de actividades hospitalarias en grandes centros urbanos requiere de una gestión integral, la cual implica conocer sus características de producción. Objetivo. Establecer indicadores de desempeño en la gestión de residuos hospitalarios a partir de las tasas de generación y la clasificación de los residuos hospitalarios de Bogotá, D.C. del año 2012 al 2015. Materiales y métodos. El estudio fue cualitativo de corte descriptivo-prospectivo con diseño transversal y se realizó a partir de información secundaria obtenida de los hospitales en Colombia. Resultados. De acuerdo con la información analizada, entre los años 2012 y 2015 se generaron 2 727 947 toneladas de residuos hospitalarios en Bogotá, D.C., de los cuales 45% fueron residuos no peligrosos (reciclables y ordinarios) y 55% residuos peligrosos (infecciosos, químicos y peligrosos administrativos). Conclusiones. Las tasas de generación de residuos observadas superan el cálculo de 40% presentado por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y otras fuentes que reportan un porcentaje de 10-15% para residuos peligrosos.

Abstract Introduction: The generation of waste by hospital activities in large urban areas requires comprehensive management, which involves knowing its production characteristics. Objective: To establish performance indicators for the management of hospital waste based on generation rates and hospital waste classification in Bogotá D.C. in the period 2012 - 2015. Materials and methods: Qualitative descriptive-prospective study, with cross-sectional design performed based on secondary information obtained from hospitals in Colombia. Results: According to the information analyzed, between 2012 and 2015 2 727 947 tons of hospital waste were generated in Bogotá D.C; 45% of waste corresponded to non-hazardous waste (recyclable and ordinary) and 55% to hazardous waste (infectious, chemical and dangerous administrative waste). Conclusions: The waste generation rates observed exceed by 40% the calculation presented by the Ministry of Environment and other sources reporting a percentage of 10-15% for hazardous waste.

Importancia del tratamiento integral precoz y regular en niños con malformación congénita de labio y/o paladar hendido / Importance of early and regular comprehensive treatment in children with congenital malformation of cleft lip or cleft palate

Se presenta un artículo de un trabajo exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional en una población dada de pacientes con labio y/o paladar fisurado, libres de síndromes ectodérmicos. Se revisan sus funciones neurovegetativas, respiratoria y fonatoria, estado otológico y auditivo, articulación del habla, como las características faciales, estomatológicas y de los órganos fonoarticuladores. Se concluye que el tratamiento ideal para estas entidades, sobre todo por su complejidad, es la atención integral, precoz como regular en el tiempo. Evitando y corrigiendo conductas inadecuadas que producen defectos faciales notorios y desarrollo anormal del habla, con el consiguiente rechazo social. Se entregaran tablas estadísticas que confirman las conclusiones.

It is presented an article of an exploratory, descriptive an correlated study in a population of patients with palate and/or lip fisures, with no ectodermic syndromes. It is analyzed their neurovegetative, respiratory and phonologic functions, the otological and auditive state, speech articulation, as well as their facial estomathological and phono articulator characteristics. It is concluded that the ideal treatment for these entities, specially for their complexity, is the integral, precocious and regular, on time, attention. Preventing and correcting inadecuate conducts that produce notorius defects and abnormal development of speech, with the consequent social reject. Statistical tables are given to confirm the conclusions.